C<rnl 
Fdbrn, 


Duke  University  Libraries 

Report  on  the  o 
Conf  Pam  12mo  #904 

DTU13T52* 


K  E  P  0  RT 


ON 


THE  ORGANIZATION  OF 

MILITARY  SCHOOLS 

AND   TO   THE   TRUSTEES   OF   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSISSIPPI, 

NOVEMBER,  18G1, 

BY  F.  A.  P.  BARNARD,  LL.  D., 

LA,TE    CHANCELLOR  OF  THE   UNIVERSITY. 


JACKS  0 

COOrES    &    KIMBALL,    PRIMKB8. 

186J. 


REPORT 


To  the  Honorable  tie  Board  of  Trustees 

Of  the    University  of    Mississippi: — 

Tii  igned,  late  Chancellor  of  the  Univer- 

sity, he  Board  with  the  duty  of  collect- 

ing information  regarding  existing  systems  of  Mil- 
itary education  in  the  Confederate  States,  begs 
leave  respectfully  to  submit  the  following  report : — 

It  will  be  remembered  that,  at  the  meeting  of 
your  Honorable  body  held  at  the  period  of  the  reg- 
ular annual  commencement  in  June  last,  the  under-    „  . 
signed  took  occasion,  in  his  annual  report,  to  allude  0    *  £Z 
to  the  evidences  thou   apparent  of  the  existence  of  ti^  \& 
a  feeling  anion-  the  people  of  the  8tete;  fcrofable  suggests 
to  the  introduction  of  the  Militao  m    <>f  in-  in  June, 

struction  and  discipline  into  the  IJii'  No 

action  wnl  taken  npon   thi  (lie  Board, 

but  members  of  the   bod;  informally. 

their  .•   information   regarding  it  : 

and,  not  long  afterwards  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  passed  a  resolution  recommending  the  mat- 
ter to  the  careful  attention  of  this  body. 

These  circumstances  combined  to  induce  the  on-  r  .... 
dersigned   to  commence   the  labor  of  informing  q  f  infbr- 
himself  in  regard  to  the  essential  features  of  the  mafciotii 
system  of  Military  education,  as  it  exists  in  con-  comman- 
temporary  military  schools  within  the  limits  of  the  ced- 
Confederacy  ;  with  a  view  of  being  able  to  re- 
spond intelligently  to  the  inquiries  which  he  nat- 
urally  presumed  might  be  addressed  to   him  by 
your  Honorable  body,  on  their  re-assembling  in 
adjourned  session  in  October.     To  this  end,  he 
made  it  convenient  to  visit  Tuscaloosa  during  the      yisit  to 
final  week  of  the  session  of  the  University  of  Al-  Tusc»1oq '  = 
abama  (into  which  institution  the  Military  system  ss. 


4  REPORT   OF   DR.    BARNARD 

has  been  successfully  introduced  within  the  post 
two  years,)  and  there  to  make  a  personal  inspec- 
tion of  the  operation  of  the  plan  of  discipline,  of 
the  arrangement  of  quarters,  and  of  the  mode  of 
management  of  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  Univer- 
sity,— in  all  which  particulars  the  regulations  of 
military  institutions  differ  totally  from  those  of  or- 
dinary colleges  ;  and  in  which,  accordingly,  in  the 
institution  visited,  there  has  been  a  complete  and. 
sweeping  revolution  since  the  time  when  the  under- 
signed was  officially  connected  with  it.  From  the 
Superintendent  and  Commandant  of  cadets  in  that 
institution,  the  undersigned  received  every  facility 
for  informing  himself  in  regard  to  the  matters  to- 
ward which  his  inquiries  were  directed  ;  and  he 
obtained  from  them  the  promise  to  furnish  him 
with  such  documents  as  might  be  necessary  to  con- 
vey to  a  legislative  body  like  this  'Board,  distinct 
notions  of  the  exact  measures  required,  in  order 
most  promptly  and  successfully  to  engraft  the  sys- 
Delay  of  tem  upon  any  other  educational  institution.  Un- 
Aocum'ts.  fortunately — owing  mainly,  as  it  has  since  appear- 
ed, to  delays  in  printing— these  documents  were 
not  received  in  time  to  be  thoroughly  examined 
during  the  session  of  the  Board  ;  nor  did  the  pos- 
session of  them  alone  suffice  to  furnish  all  the  in- 
Farther  formation  desired.  It  seemed,  therefore,  to  your 
inquiry  honorable  body,  expedient  to  direct  further  inquiry 
directed,  to  be  made  ;  and  the  authority  to  carry  out  this 
determination  was  conferred  on  the  undersigned 
in  the  following  resolution  : 


Letter  of 
n  s  t  rue 


"Besolved,  That  Rev.  F.  A.  F.  Barnard,  or 
some  other  suitable  person,  be  appointed  to  report 
to  the  Board,  at  their  next  meeting,  a  plan,  inclu- 
tionV*  '"  ding  the  necessary  buildings,  rooms,  &c,  and 
course  of  instruction,  for  a  military  school  to  be 
added  to  the  University." 

The  only  instructions  given  to  the  undersigned, 

were  the  general  ones  conveyed  in  this  resolution. 

Be  port      The  views  presented  in  this  report  were  accord- 

tFonal?"  in£ty  forme^  and   its  conclusions  were  reached 

conflict'Dg  without  a  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  an  outline 

with  pro-  of  the  plan  of  future  organization  for  the  Univer- 


MILITARY   SCHOOLS. 


sity  had  been  sketched  by  a  committee  of  your  own  ject  before 
body,  and  referred  for  consideration  to  the  meeting  the  Voxrd 
in  November.     If  any  differences  therefore  should 
be  found  to  exist  between  the  projects  thus  sepa- 
rately originate.],  they  are  not  the  rcsultof  any  in- 
tentional antagonism. 

Preliminary  to  pr<  the  results  of  the  in- 

quiries made  by    the   undersigned   in   accordance 
with  the  foregoing  instructions,   it  may  be  proper 
to  observe,  that,  amongthe  educational  institutions    Glassifi- 
which  assume  to  be  more  or  less  military  in  their  catlhon  °f 
character  are  at  least  /  ™  distinctly  callcdmU 

separable,  differing  from  each  other  in  the  degree  itary. 
to  which  the  military  feature  enters  into  their  sys- 
tem of  operations.     In  the  first,  the  manual  exer- 
cise of  the  soldier  in  the   use  of  arms,  and  the  Schools  of 
held  tactics  of  infantry,  are  taught  by  means  of  a  the  first 
daily  drill  ;  but  the  regimen  and  discipline  of  or-  class. 
dinary  academic  institutions  remain  unaltered.  To 
this  extent*  any  college  may  become  military,  with- 
out any  necessary  alteration  in  the  general  plan  of 
its  operations,  in  the  structure  or  furniture  of  its 
buildings,  or  in  the  organization  of  its  academic 
stair  ; —without,   therefore,  any  necessary  expendi- 
ture, either  original  or  permanently  continued,  be- 
yond that  to  which  it  had  been  subjected  before.      N°   "*■ 
It  is  not  even  necessary,  in  an  institution  which  aims  crease   of 
at  no  more  than  this,  that  it  should  embrace  in  its  ^xPendi" 
academic  staff  a  single  man  of  military  education,  ^ired  **" 
Any  civilian  professor  may  become,   with  a  few 
weeks  practice  in  a  camp  "of  instruction  or  in  a 
military  school,  a  drill-master  competent  to  all  the 
exigencies  of  this  simple  service:— and  according- 
ly we  observe,  at  this  very  time  that  a  large  pro- 
portion of  those  colleges  which,  in  spite  of  the  re- 
duction of  their  numbers,  still  continue  their  oper- 
ations, announce  that  military  instruction  has  been 
made  a  part  of  their  system. 

In  the  second  class  of  institutions  of  which  we  - 

are  speaking,  the  ordinary  course  of  academic  in-  XT,* 
strudioa  in  colleges  continues  to  be  undisturbed  ;.ci^. 
but   the  ordinary  system  of  academic  government 
and   discipline   is  entirely   discarded ;  and   in  its 
place  is  substituted  the  code  of  military  law  pro- 
vided for  the  government  of  the  army."    In  these 


6  ftKPORT   OF   DR.    BARNARD 

institutions,  the  student  is  constrained  to  eoniorm 
himself,  in  all  particulars,  to  the  rigorous  rules 
which  govern  the  garrison  or  the  camp  ;  the  un- 
bending exactions  of  a  military  police  follow  him 
through  all  the  details  of  daily  occupation  and 
duty  ;  and  the  unslumbering  eye  of  military  vigi- 
lance is  on  him  even  in  the  retirement  of  his  pri- 
vate quarters.  The  comprehensive  and  uncompro- 
mising principle  of  absolute  control,  reaches  and 
modifies  every  habit  of  his  life,  and  moulds  him  to 
that  severity  of  method,  and  that  mechanical  ex- 
actness in  the  discharge  of  duty,  which  character- 
ize the  actual  soldier.  Between  institutions  of  the 
two  classes  which  have  just  been  distinguished, 
Differs  d  -  the  difference  is  evidently  very  wide  ;  and  in  re- 
ces.  gard  to  the  extent  to  which  the  education  they 

impart  may  with  propriety  be  called  military,  it  is 
no  less  so.     Into  the  one -the  military  element  en- 
ters so  superficially,  as   to  constitute  little  more 
than  an  external  show  ;  into  the  other  it  penetrates 
so  deeply,   as  to  give  character   to  the  whole,  and 
to  effect  it  vitally  in  every  part.     Student  life  in 
the  one  no  more  resembles  that  in  the  other,  than 
the  idle  pageantries  of  a  holiday  parade  resemble 
the  severe  realities  of  actual  service. 
Schools      Institutions  in  which  this  thorough  training  of 
of  the  Se-  youth  to  all  the  personal   habits  essential  to  the 
cond  class  efficicnt  professional  soldier  is  attempted,  require 
require  ^  j]ave  among  their   instructors   and  governors 
vjCgSs?^  men  who  have  themselves  been   educated   to   the 
Military  military  life.     Civilian  Professors   need  not,   on 
men.  this    account,  be   excluded  from    their  academic 

staff;  but  it  cannot  be  expected  of  such,  that  they 
will  be  able  to  carry  out  and  enforce  a  regimen 
uncongenial  to  the  habits  in  which  they  have  them- 
selves been  trained  ;  though  to  military  men  it  is 
one  which  has  become  so  familiar  as  to  be  easy  and 
natural. 

The  third  of  the  three  classes  of  military  insti- 

Schools  tutions  which  have  been  above  defined,  embraces 

?v  i/]h  G  taosc  *n  which  not  only  the  government  but  also 

third  class  ^  course  0f  instruction  is  determined  in  reference 

to  the  exactions  of  a  purely  military  education. 

From  these,  the  study  of  the  ancient  classics  and 
of  English  Belles  Lettres  is  to  a  great  degree  ex- 


IflLlTAUY    SHOOLfe.  7 

eluded — the  space  occupied  by  these  subjects  in 
the  ordinary  collegiate  course  being  filled  with  the 
severer  mathematics  and  physics,  industrial  and 
topographical  drawing,  military  and  civil  engineer- 
ing, artillery  and  ordnance  studies,  the  science 
of  gunnery,  pyroteehny,  strategy,  &c.,  &c., — all 
which  descriptions  of  knowledge,  though  not  essen- 
tial to  the  soldier  in  the  ranks,  or  to  officers  of 
inferior  grades,  arc  indispensable  to  those  upon* 
whom  devolve  the  responsibilities  of  higher  com- 
mand, or  the  direction  of  the  operations  of  actual 
warfare. 

If  we  would  distinguish  IV  other,  in  the     Oistinc- 

briefest  manner,  the  three  classes  of  institutions  tive  fea- 
ofwhich  mention  hasbeen  made,  confining  ourselves  tures  of 
to  the  mosl  prominent  military  characteristic  of  tne  tnree. 
each,  weshould  say  thai  they  arc  institutions  for  cl^se?  ol 
training  in  military   tactics,    training  i  vy 

.  and  training  in  military  science,  ^  th- 

Few  probably  could  be    found,   who  ^nedby 

would  advocate  the  transformation  of  all  our  high-  conver- 
er   <  Lai   institutions,  into   schools  of  this  ting    col- 

third  clas-.  While  it  is  of  the  last  importance  to  leges  gen- 
the  public  saf(  mid  be  men,   and  a.  orally  into 

sufficient  number  of  men.  most  thoroughly  educa-  Stools  of 
ted  in  the  hig  .iiitary  science,   yet  it  by  no  tne  third 

means  follows  that  the  public  would  be  the  gainer.  c 
were  all  our  youth  to  be  educated  in  the  same  wi 
The  mere  statement  of  the  cas<  i<  snt  to  shi 

that  the  greater  part  of  the  cost  of  such  education, 
for  any  practical  application  of  its   results  on  the 
public  service,  would  be  thrown  away.     It  is  only 
the  comparatively  few,  wh«>.  as  engineers*  or  artil- 
lerists, or  general  or  who  find  the 
opportunity,  to  apply  in  practice  the  more  difficult 
or  abstruse  principles  of  military  science.  In  mod-  m  ™™i 
em  times,  it  has  been  the  usage  of  all,'  or  at  least  schools 
of  most,  civilived  nations,  to   provide,  by  special  usually 
schools,  for  the  public  exigency  in  this  particular  ;  suffice  for 
but  nowhere,  and  among  no  people,   has   it  been  education 
proposed  to  make  all  schools,  or  even  many  schools,  °  f   *  niF- 
military,  in  this  peculiar  and  highest  sense.     If  sra 
among  our  own  people,  at  present,  there  is  a  pre- 
valent feeling  in  favor  of  the  infusion  into  our  high- 
er schools  of  learning  of  the  military  element,  this 


8  REPORT   OF    DR.    BARNARD. 

feeling  caimot  be  justly  interpreted  into  a  choice 
that  all  these  schools  shall  become  purely  military. 
The  Uni-      The  undersigned  feels  warranted,  therefore,  in 
versity  of  coming  to   the  conclusion,   that  it  cannot  be  any 
Mississip-  part  of  the   design   or   anticipation  of    the  Board 
pi   will  0f   Trustees    of    the   University    of    Mississippi 
hardly  be  or    0f  ^    Legislature    in    recommending    this 
m  U  itary  su"kject   to  their  attention,   that    this    institution 
school    of  should  in  any  event  be  transformed  into  a  school 
the    third  so   purely   military  as   the   Military  Institute   at 
class.         Lexington  in  Virginia;  or  the  Citadel  Academy  at 
Charleston  in  South  Carolina.     So  far  as  the  men- 
tal culture  of  the  youth  here  educated  is  concerned, 
it  cannot  be  doubted  that  it  will   continue  to  be 
esteemed  hereafter,  as  it  has  been  hitherto,  the 
wisest  aim,  to  endeavor  to  produce  scholars  profi- 
cient in  elegant  learning   to   adorn  our   literary 
annals,  or  men  of  science  to  prosecute  investigation 
in  all  the  varied  fields  which  nature  presents,  rath- 
er than  to  constrain  all   minds  to  run  in  a  single 
channel,  and  thus,  by  a  species  of  unnecessary  and 
Choice  artificial  fetter,   to  check  the  progress  of  general 
lies   be-  intellectual   advancement  among   us.     Whatever 
tween  the  change,  therefore,  may  be  introduced  into  the  plan 
other  two  of  operation  of  the  University  of  Mississippi,  it  is 
classes.       j-0  }oe  presumed  that  it  will  consist  in  the  adoption 
of  the  distinctive  characteristic  of  one  or  the  other 
of  the  two  classes  of  military,  or   quasi   military, 
institutions  first  named. 

In  regard  to  the  plan  of  the  first  of  these  classes, 
Compari-  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  teach  Tactics,  and  usual- 
son  of  the  ly  Infantry  Tactics    only,   without   adopting   the 
two  plans,  military  regimen,   the  conclusions   to  which  the 
inquiries  and  the  reflection    of  the    undersigned 
have  led  him,  are  decidedly  unfavorable.  The  plan 
has  one  rather  seductive  feature  of  recommenda- 
A  r  e  u-  ^on — ^  ma^  ^c  adopted  and  put  into  operation  in 
ments^i  n  little  time,  with  little  trouble,  and  at  little  expense, 
favor    of  It  has  also  another,   which  is  hardly  less  so: — 
the  first     when  adopted,  it  presents  to  the  superficial  obser- 
ver or  to  the  casual  visitor,  so  much  that  externally 
resembles  a  more  thorough-going  system,   that  it 
contents,  at  least  for  the  moment,  the  popular  de- 
mand for  change.     The  principal  objection  to  it  is, 
that  it  is  not  what  it  seems,  nor  what  it  is  common- 


MIIITARY   SCHOO&S.  9 

ly  taken  to  be.     It  imparts,  in  no  proper  sense  of  Objections 
the  word,  a  military  education.     It  does  not  make 
soldiers.  Instruction  in  a  simple  system  of  mechan- 
ical movements  can  with  no  sort  of  propriety  be 
called  education.     Education  is   something  which 
reaches  and  modifies  the  nature — draws  forth  and 
gives  bent  to  the  capacities  mental  or  physical,  and 
leaves  its  permanent  impress  on  the  habits.     Place 
youth  under  military  government,  and  they  become  Whatcon- 
educated   to  military  life  and  military  rule.     We  sytut°e 
do  not  say  that  they   become  inst  in   those  e  ucatl0n 

things.     There  is  no  propriety  in  such  language. 
They    are   educated.     Their    modes  of  thinking, 
their  views  of  subordination,  their  notions  of  duty, 
are  all  tinctured  with  the  spirit  of  the  system  un- 
der which  they  have  grown  up.  These  things  have 
become  so  inwrought  into  their  moral  natures,  that       Schools 
they  can  no  more  be  divested  of  them.  And  in  their  of  the  se- 
personal  and  daily  habits  of  life,  they  have  become  cond  class 
so  completely  trained  to   system,   that  order   and  e(iucate' 
method  are  to  them  as  easy  and  natural,  as  if  such 
instincts  had  been  implanted  in  them  at  their  birth. 
Thus,  while  the  mental   culture   is  going  forward, 
which  may  fit  them  for  positions  of  command  and 
responsibility  in  coming  life,  a  silent   and  simul- 
taneous moulding  of  their  moral  and  physical  na- 
tures is  proceeding  parallel  with    it,  which  makes 
them  capable  at   length,  when    duty  requires,   of 
subsiding  into  purely  animated  machines,  obeying 
with  mechanical  exactness  the  voice  of  authority. 

That  such  a  military  education  is  of  value,  and      Value  of 
may  be  of  value  to  youth  of  all  classes,  can  hardly  military 
be  denied.     It  can  never,  like  much  of  the  educa-  education: 
tion  to  the  higher  military  scienco  already  spoken 
of.  be  lost  to  its  subjects,  or  to  the  world  in  which 
they  live,  .even  on  supposition    that,  after  leaving 
the  schools,  they  become  absorbed  in  the  occupa- 
tions of  civil  life,  and  are  never  called  upon  to  bear 
arms  in  their  country's  defence,  still  the  habits  of 
order  and    method  in   the  transaction  of  business 
which  they  have  learned  as   part  of  their  milita- 
ry training,    will  contribute  much  to  their  useful- 
ness as   citizens  ;  while  the  lessons  of  self-depen- 
dence, and  the  power  and  the   willingness  to  use 
their   own   hands,   which    are  inculcated    in   the 


10  HMO ti'T   OB    DR.    BARNARD. 

discipline  of  the  school-barracks,  will  add  greatly 
to  their  ability,  under  all  vicissitudes,  to  secure 
their  own  comfort  and  happiness.  Should  the  oc- 
casion arise,  however,  for  the  specific  display  of 
the  soldierly  qualities  which  their  education  has 
furnished  them,  in  consequence  of  the  outbreaking 
of  war,  the  great  advantage  which  they  will  pos- 
sess over  volunteers  whose  early  training  has  been 
different,  will  become  strikingly  manifest.  They 
will  enter  the  Held  soldiers  ready  made,  and  adapt 
themselves  to  the  usages  of  military  life  without 
an  effort.  And  it  is  a  consideration  of  no  small 
importance  that  the  regular  and  methodical  habits 
which  their  early  education  has  taught  them  to  be 
an  essential  part  of  the  discipline  of  the  camp, 
will  constitute  a  protection  against  disease  of  the 
most  efficacious  kind.  It  is  notorious  that,  as  a 
general  rule,  armies  of  volunteers,  during  their 
first  campaign,  suffer  far  more  from  the  ravages  of 
1  Value  of  sickness  than  from  the  casualities  of  the  battle- 
in  ilitaiy  field.  The  sanitary  statistics  of  regular  armies 
education,  exhibit  results  widely  different ;  and  the  difference 
can  only  be  rationally  explained  by  considering 
the  dissimilarity  of  personal  habits  between  these 
different  classes  of  troops.  Could  we  suppose  a 
volunteer  army  to  be  made  up  entirely  of  men 
who  had  been  thoroughly  educated  in  military 
schools,  we  might  reasonably  look  for  a  mortality 
from  natural  disease  among  them,  hardly  greater, 
even  from  the  beginning,  than  is  observed  to  occur 
in  the  regular  service.  But  though  a  volunteer 
army  composed  wholly  of  such  material  is  a  thing 
^  that  can  never  be  looked  for,  yet  it  is  obvious  that 
any  body  of  citizen  soldiery,  called  suddenly  into 
active  service,  may  be  greatly  benefitted  by  the 
presence  in  it  and  the  influence  oveMt  of  even  a 
scattered  few  of  the  well  educated  graduate;  of 
our  military  schools.  And  thus  it  appears  that  a 
military  education  which  is  substantial  and  real 
to  the  extent  of  imbuing  its  subjects  with  the  spirit 
of  military  subordination,  accustoming  them  to 
military  discipline,  and  moulding  their  habits  to  a 
soldier-like  method  and  exactness,  though  it  may 
stop  short  of  that  elevated  order  of  military  sci- 
ence which   is  necessary  to  the  engineer,  the  ord- 


tion. 


mUTARY   SCHOOLS.  11 

nance  officer,  or  the  eonnnander  of  armies,  will 
still  be  of  eminent  value  to  those  who  receive  it, 
whatever  may  be  the  situation?  which  they  may 
afterwards  fill  in  life. 

Such  an   education  is,  however,  not   given   by 
the  institutions  which  confine   themselves  to   in-  th£°iirsJ 
struction   in   tactics  merely,  devoting  an  hour  or  classfailto 
two  daily  to  drill  in  marching,  maneuvering  and  eudcate. 
the  manual  exercise.     Tt  is  an  objection,  therefore, 
to  the  plan  which  those  institutions  pursue,  that  it 
"holds  out  a  promise  to  the  public  which  is  not  ful- 
filled.    And  accordingly  it  can  hardly  fail  to  hap-      . 
pen  that,  if  any  of  the  patronage  which   such  an  que^' 
institution  receives,  is  drawn  to  it  in  the  hope  of 
the  benefit  which  a  genuine  military  education  can 
confer,  it   will  presently  be  lost  again 
it  is  discovered  that  this  hope  is  unfounded. 

That  a  discrimination  like  this  is  actual]., 
by  the  public,  will  very  manifestly  appear,  if  wo  Examples 
compare  any  two  existing  institutions  chosen  sc-  " 
verally  from  the  first  and  the  second  of  the  classes 
into  which  we  have  distinguished  the  military 
schools  of  our  country.  Most  of  our  colleges  hith- 
erto'purely  civilian  have  assumed  for  the  present  the 
character  of  military  schools  of  the  first  cli 
that  we  may  take  any  one  of  these  as  an  illustration 
of  the  popular  favor  which  such  schools  are  capa- 
ble of  securing.  Hardly  one  of  them,  it  is  be- 
lieved, can  wast,  at  the  present  time,  a  tithe  of 
the  numbers  it  was  able  to  draw  together  without 
any  aid  from  the  attractive  military  feature,  a 
year  ago.  A  very  few  other  institutions,  however. 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  make  the  promised  military 
education  a  reality  ;  and  the  silent  verdict  of  the 
public  in  favor  of  the  superiority  of  the  system. 
which  they  have  adopted,  appears  in  their  unre- 
duced, or  their  actually  extended  ranks.  The 
University  of  Alabama  furnishes  a  remarkable 
example  of  this  kind.  Two  years  ago,  the  roll  of 
its  students  did  not  combine  more  than  seventy  or 
eighty  names.  One  year  ago — a  thorough  system 
of  military  regimen  having  been  in  the  meantime 
introduced — it  had  grown  to  about  one  hundred 
and  twenty.  At  the  present  time,  when  all  the 
colleges  and  schools  in  that  and  the  neighboring 


12  REPORT   0(r    DR.    BARNARD. 

Stales  beside,  have  fallen  away — some  of  them 
almost  or  quite  to  extinction — that  institution  ex- 
hibits for  the  first  time  a  total  greater  than  has 
appeared  on  its  catalogue  for  twenty  years — the 
number  of  its  students  now  exceeding  one  hundred 

P  blic  es-  ail(^  *^ ' 

timate  cTf  ^  *3  evident  then,  that  the  public  soon  learn  to 
schools  of  understand  the  promise  held  out  by  institutions  of 
the  first  the  first  class  to  be  illusive  ;  and  that  the  military 
class.  semblance    which    they   assume    soon    cease3   to 

attract. 

But  if  this  is  the  effect  upon  the  public  who  ob- 
Effecton  serve   it  from  without,  there  is, another  produced 
members  Up0n  those  within  whose  task  it  is  to  maintain  the 
t^t-"1"  semblance,  which  is  not  much  more  satisfactory. 
them-  Both  students  and  instructors  are  conscious  that  it 
selves.       is  but  a  semblance  which  they  maintain  after  all  ; 
and  it  very  shortly  ceases  to  interest.     While  it  is 
a  novelty,  thedaily  drill  is  entered  into  with  spirit; 
but  when  the  novelty  has  passed  by,  it  becomes  a 
disagreeable  and  irksome  duty.     The  temptation 
to  the  student  is  great,  to  escape  from  this  con- 
stantly recurring  and  monotonous  task,  by  with- 
drawing from   the  institution  and  seeking  some 
other   where   similar   usages  do  not  exist :    and 
against  such  proceedings  there  is  no  such  obstacle, 
as  in  the  schools  where  military  law  prevails,  and 
where  discharge  is    granted  not   on  the  mere  ap- 
plication of  the  student,  but  at  the  option  of  the 
authorities 

Considerations  of  this  kind  have  led  the  under- 
Institu-  gig,1C(j  to  the  conclusion,  therefore,  that  the  insti- 
th^first  tutions   Placed,   in    these  dismissions,  in  the  first 
class  de-  class  of  military  schools,  derive  no  important  ad- 
riveno  vantage   from  the  military  clement  in  their  consti- 
benefit  tution  ;  and  that  they  may  possibly,  sometimes,  be 
from  the  injuriously   affected "  by  it.     Accordingly,   if  the 
feature       University  of  Mississippi  is  to  be  hereafter  rank- 
ed among  military  schools,  it  seems  to  be  greatly 
desirable,  that  it  should  adopt  a  thoroughly  mili- 
tary system  of  government.     And  such  may  fairly 
be  presumed   to  be  the   sense  of  your  honorable 
body  ;  since   anything  less  than  such  an  expecta- 
tion, would  have   rendered  the  inquiry  which  the 
undersigned  has  been   commissioned  to  make  an 


I 

MILITARY    SCHOOLS.  IS 

unnecessary  laber.  For,  as  has  been  already 
observed  above,  in  an  institution  which  proposes 
to  be  military  only,  to  the  extent  of  instructing 
in  infantry  tactics,  there  is  no  need  of  any  mod- 
ification in  the  system  of  academic  police,  or  the 
plan  of  fiscal  management,  or  the  structure  or 
furniture  of  quarters,  or  even  in  the  personel  of 
the  academic  staff.  Hence,  those  of  our  colleges 
which,  at  an  hour's  notice,  have  announced  them- 
selves prepared  to  commence  o  aerations,  on  a  mili- 
tary plan,  have  eelves  to  do  so 
without  the  elalx  u  ination  of  the  subject 
which  it  has  seemed  fitting  to  your  honorable  body 
to  make,  before  taking  any  decisive  action. 

It  will  be  observed   that,  thus  far,  our  compar- 
ison of   the   two  classes  of  military  institutions 
which  we  have  been  considering,  has  been  con- 
fined to  an  estimate  ol  their  relative  merits  in  a 
point  of  view  purely  educational.     The  aim  has     Compat- 
been  to  discover  what  should  be  the  legitimate  ison  of  th« 
effect   of   their  differing   plans  of  operation,  in  ^JLjL*1?8 
forming  tire  character  and  determining  the  ruling  ^Cje™ 
habits  of  thought  and  action  of  the  student,  and  inthepre- 
thus  giving   color  to   his  whole  future  life.      It  servation 
seems  fitting  that  if  a  choice  is  to  be  made  be-  of  order, 
tween  them,  it  should  be  made  in  view  of  these 
fundamental  and  most  radically  important  con- 
siderations :    for  certainly  no   considerations  of 
immediate  convenience  or  momentary  advantage 
ought  to   be  permitted  to  outweigh  such  as  seri- 
ously affect  the  great  original  purpose  and  main 
object  of  the  institution  itself.     There  can  be  no 
doubt,  however,  that  the   military  regimen  has 
been  introduced  into  some  of  our  colleges,  for  a 
reason  quite  apart  from  its  educational  merits  ; 
yet  one  which  possesses  an  importance  sufficient 
to    entitle   it    to    a    moment's    attention.      The 
most  serious    evils   which    embarrass    the    man- 
agement of  our  higher  educational   institutions, 
which   shake   the  public  confidence  in   them  as 
schools  of  moral  training,  and  tend  thus,  without 
doubt,   measurably  to  limit  their  usefulness,  are 
evils  which  grow  out  of  the  thoughtlessness  and 
frivolity    of    youth,    constantly    outbursting    in 
ebullitions  of  frolic  and  mischief,  and  resulting 


14  RKPORT   OF    DK.   BARtfARD, 

occasionally  in  grave  disturbances  or  total  inter- 
ruptions of  the  peace  and  good   order  of  the 
academic  community.     In  some  institutions  these 
evils,  in  their  moet  vexatious  lorm,  have  been  so 
persistent  and  so  annoying,  as  quite  to  discourage 
the  ordinary  academic  authorities,  whose  utmost 
efforts  for  their  suppression  they  have  successfully 
defied   and   baffled.     It  is  not,  therefore,    to   be 
wondered  at,  if,  in  an  institution  so  afflicted,  the 
military  rule  has  been  called  in,  not  so  much  with 
reference  to   its   educational  value,    as   for    its 
admitted   competency  to  deal  with  disorders  of 
this  description,  however  deeply  sealed  and  how- 
ever chronic. 
t  Prcven-       The  efficiency  of  the   military  regimen  in  the 
tive  char-  preservation  of  order,   springs  in  great  measure 
j^*^.^  from  its  preventive  character.     It  opposes  itself 
tary  Reel"  to  t]je  ver^  beginnings   of  disorder,   and   takes 
men.  away,  to  a  great  extent,  the  opportunity  to  offend. 

This  important  end  is  secured  in  part,  by  the  per- 
petual surveillance  which  it  keeps  up  over  the 
entire  academic  community;  and  in  part  by  the 
round  of  duties  with  which  it  occupies  muck  of 
the  time,  that,  in  ordinary  colleges,  is  too  often 
abandoned  to  that  idleness  which  is  rarely  the 
parent  of  good.  But  to  some  extent  the  secret 
of  the  restraining  power  of  the  military  regimen 
is  to  be  sought  in  its  manner  of  dealing  with  of- 
Treatme't  fences  actually  committed.  These,  when  serious, 
ces°  arc  tnct^  as  ,n  tne  army>  ky  courts-martial  (cadet 

officers  as  well  as  officers  of  the  staff  sitting  as 
members  of  the  court)  and  the  testimony  of  wit- 
nesses to  the  facts  is  taken  on  oath.  The  military 
regimen  repudiates  totally  the  principle,  so  long 
tacitly  admitted  in  colleges  as  to  have  passed  into 
common  law,  that  no  student  shall  give  testimony 
against  another.  The  principle  is  an  absurd  one, 
anywhere  :  since  it  confounds  and  makes  equally 
odious,  testimony  given  in  open  court,  on  the  de- 
mand of  the  legal  authorities  sitting  in  the  capa- 
city of  triers  of  an  alleged  offense,  with  informa- 
tion volunteered  unasked  for,  and  given  in  secret. 
it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  much  of  the 
reckless  daring  with  which  infractions  of  the 
public  peace  are  perpetrated,  in  our  ordinary  col- 


MILITARY   SCHOOLS.  15 

legiate  institutions,  is  a  consequence  of  the  secu- 
rity against  conviction,  which  the  recognition  of 
this  principle  affords.  If  military  law  did  noth- 
ing but  simply  to  strike  down  the  shield,  which 
has  thus  so  often  effectually  screened  offenders 
even  when  they  were  publicly  known,  its  adoption 
would  impose  a  more  powerful  restraint  upon  the 
spirit  of  disorder,  than  all  the  legislative  pro- 
visions of  all  the  collegiate  ^odes  existing,  are  at 
present  able  to  afford. 

If  it  were  proposed  to  the  University  of  Mis 
sissippi  to  subject  itself  to  the  considerable  ex- 
pense  which   must   attend  the   adoption   of  the 
system  of  military  rule,  for  no  other  reason  but 
that  which  is  to  be  found  in  the  considerations 
just  presented,  the  question  might  fairly  be  raised 
whether,  for  us,   the  object  pioposed  would  jus- 
tify the  outlay.     Had  this  institution  been  subject 
to  the  continual  internal  agitations  which  have       g'tear^ 
disquieted  others,  had  its  history  been  marked  by  not  neces- 
constantly  recurring  conflicts  or  by  any  conflicts  sary  for 
at   all   between  the  governors  and  the  governed,  the  p re- 
had  the  course  of  study  here  beeu^eriously  inter-  s  c  nation 
rupted,  or  the  public  confidence  in  the  University  r[  °ke  TJ- 
as  a  school  of  learning  or  of' morals  been   im-  niVersity. 
paired  by  causes  such  as  have  elsewhere  produced 
results  so  injurious,  then  perhaps  it  might  reason- 
ably be  said  that  no  expenditure  which   the 
sources   at   the   command   of   the   Board   might 
permit,  or  which  the  legislature  might  be  pleased 
to  grant,  would  be  too  great  to  secure  the  re- 
moval of  these  grave  evils.    But  nothipg  what- 
ever  of   this   sort  is   true.     No   college  in   the 
country — no  college  in  the  world — can  present  a 
more  satisfactory  history  than   the  University  of 
Mississippi  ;  and,  if  we  confine  our  attention  to 
the  past  four  years,  no  'military  institution  even, 
anywhere,  can  boast  to  have  enjoyed  a  more  unin- 
terrupted internal  tranquility,  or  to  have  display- 
ed a  healthier  tone  of  morals,  than  may  be  justly 
claimed  for  this  institution.     If  the  military  re- 
gimen is  to  be  adopted  here,  it  will  not  therefore 
be  under  the  pressure  of  an  uncompromising  ne- 
cessity, or  as  a  last  refuge  against  anarchy  and 
ruin.     And  it  is  a  ciroumstance  peculiarly  favor- 


16  REPORT   OF   DR.    BARNARD. 

able  to  the  exercise  of  an  unbiased  judgment, 
and  to  the  formation  of  a  wise  decision,  upon  the 
question  presented,  that  there  is  nothing  in  the 
condition  of  the  University  to-day,  to  distract  at- 
tention from  the  points  of  strictly  educational 
interest,  in  which  the  plans  submitted  for  compar- 
ison differ  from  each  other. 

The  decision  having  been  made,   however,   in 
view  of  these  superior  considerations,   there  can 
Conserva-  ^e  n0  narm»  m  case  '*  should  be  favorable  to  the 
tive  char-  military  regimen,  in  recognizing  the  value  of  that 
acter  of  conservative   principle  inherent   in  the   military 
the  sys-  system,  which  has  just  foamed  the  subject  of  re- 
tem  never  markv     a  tranquil  past  in  a  collegiate  institution 
aluabiSS  may  aff°rc*  a  reasonable  ground  lor  hoping  for  a 
Y  tranquil  future  ;  but  it  has  been  justly  remarked 

that' no  equilibrium  is  more  unstable  than  that  of 
a  community  of  impulsive  youth.  The  University 
of  Mississippi  might  possibly  still  go  on  for  a 
century,  in  the  enjoyment  of  that  same  internal 
peace  which  has  distinguished  it  during  its  past 
brief  history  of  thirteen  years  ;  but  it  would  be 
something  to  feel  that  an  organization  had  been 
given  to  it,  which  establishes  the  certainty  that  it 
must  do  so.  And  this  feeling  might  perhaps  con- 
tribute to  conciliate  to  it  the  confidence  of  some 
yet  hesitating  parents,  who  have  hitherto  withheld 
from  it  their  patronage,  not  from  a  special  dis- 
trust of  this  institution,  but  from  a  general  doubt 
of  all  institutions  of  the  class  of  ordinary  col- 
leges— a  doubt  engendered  by  the  insubordina- 
tion and  turbulence  and  vice  of  which  those 
institutions  are  so  often  the  scenes. 

It  will    be   understood    from    the    foregoing 

remarks,  that  the  object  of  the  undersigned  in  this 

inquiry  has  been  to  ascertain  precisely  what  are 

those   matters   which  require   the  action  of  your 

Order  of  honorable  body,  or  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State 

the  forego-  jn  orcier  that  the  University  of  Mississippi  may,  if 

1  n  k/  G"  tnoucnfc  advisable,  be  transformed  into  a  thorough 

mar    '       school  of  military  education  of  the   second  of  the 

classes  above   defined.     In  the  prosecution  of  this 

inquiry,  he  has  availed  .himself  of  the  authority 

conferred  in  his  lelter  of  instruction,  to    visit  the 

Arsenal  Academy  at  Columbia.  S.  C,  and  the  Mill- 


MILITARY   SCH001  17 

tary  Institute  at  Lexington,  Va.;  to  the  authorities 

of  both  which  institutions  he  is  indebted  for 
courtesies,  which  it  gives  him  pleasure  here  to  ac- 
knowledge. In  order  that  the  results  arrived  at 
may  be  mo?t  clearly  and  succinctly  presented,  it 
will  be  most  convenient  to  consider  them  under 
different  heads. 

ORGANIZATION. 

In  i  _  schools  belonging  to  the  class  we 

-ome  differences  may  1 
in  the  organization  of  the  academic  and  n 
staff.      In   all    of  these,  however,   the   cl 
thority  in  the  institution  is  vested   in  a  superin-     Superin- 
tendent,   who  bears  the  same  relation    to  the  in-  tendent. 
structors/  and  students  and  all  other  persons  con- 
nected with  the  institution,  which  the  commander 
of  a  fortress  sustains  to  the  officers   and  soldiers 
of  the  garrison,  and  all  others  within  the  limits  of 
his  command.     The  superintendent  may  be  a  civi- 
lian, as  in  the  University  of  Alabama  ;  where  the 
gentleman  presiding  over  the  institution   at   the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  new  organization  has 
been  continued   in  authority  under  a  double  title. 
The  superintendent  has  the  exclusive  direction  of 
all    the  scholastic  exercises,  renders  all   estimates 
sand  communications  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and 
reports  annually  to  the  Governor  of  the  State  up- 
on the   condition   of  the   institution  in  all  its  de- 
partments. 

The  immediate  command  of  the  student,  or  ca- 
det, body  considered  as  a  military  corps,  is  commit-      Com- 
ted  to  a  Commandant  of  Cadets,  who  should  take  ™an"^ant 
rank  and  hold  authority  next  to  the  Superintendent.  ° 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  Commandant  to  see  that  the 
cadets  are  properly  instructed  in  Infantry  and  Ar- 
tillery drill,  to  direct  the  arrangement  of  all  mili- 
tary duti  to  act  as  chief  of  the   military 
police.     The  Commandant  will  need  assistance  in 
the  f i  'S  of  military  instructor 
and  govc:  ordinate  officers 
required  being  dependent  on  the  numbers  of  the 
corps. 

The  academic  staff  to  be   associated  with  the 
B— 2 


lg  REPORT   OF    DH.    BARNARD. 

Academic  two  principal  officers  just  specified,  may  be  more 
st&flf.  or  less  numerous,  according  to  the  number  and 

variety  of  the  branches  of  science  or  letters  taught 
in  the  institution,  and  the  number  of  learners  to 
be  instructed.     The  instructors  in  military  tactics 
may,  of  course,  be  members,  at  the  same  time,  of 
the  academic  staff.     It  is  the  opinion  of  the  mili- 
itary  officers  of  other  institutions  who  have  been 
consulted,    that,    in    schools    of    the    character 
wc  are   considering,  all  the  members  of  the   aca- 
demic staff  should   be — if  not  themselves  men  of 
All  in-  military  education — at  least  commissioned  as  mil 
atr'uetors  itary  officers  by  the  Governor  of  the  State.     The 
to  be  com-  Superintendent  may  thus,  properly,  hold  the  com- 
lmssioncd  mjSg--on  0f  Colonel,   the   Commandant,  of  Lieut. 
Colonel,  the  Professors,  of  Major;  and  the  Assist- 
ant Professors,  of  Lieutenant. 

In  regard  to  the  number  of  professorships  "which 
ought  to  be  provided  for  in  the  Uuiversity  of  Mis- 
Numberof  sissippi,  it  may  not  perhaps  be  strictly  a  part  of 
p  rofessor-  the  duty  of  the  undersigned,  under  the  present  in- 
ships.  structions,  to  offer  an  opinion.  The  subject  com- 
ing up  however  naturally  in  this  place,  there  can 
be  no  impropriety  in  observing  that,  should  the 
number  of  students  or  cadets  hereafter  become  as 
great  as  it  lias  been  heretofore,  there  seems  to  be 
no  necessity  for  a  reduction  in  the  number  of 
chairs  :  though  possibly  advantage  might  be  taken 
of  the  existing  vacancy  of  all  of  them,  to  adjust 
the  distribution  of  duties  somewhat  differently 
from  what  it  has  been  made  heretofore.  Since, 
however,  there  is  no  great  probability  that  the 
University  will  be  largely  attended  before  the  re- 
turn of  peace,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  your 
honorable  body  will  feel  it  to  be  a  duty  to  consider 
how  to  reduce  the  academic  staff  in  such  a  manner 
as  least  to  impair  its  efficiency  as  a  corps  of  instruc- 
tion. By  referring  to  the  organization  of  the 
Faculty  during  the  earlier  period  of  the  history 
of  the  University,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  two 
chairs  of  Latin  and  Greek  were  then  combined 
in  one.  The  chairs  of  English  embraced  also  then 
the  subject  of  Ethics,  Metaphysics  and  Political 
Economy.  The  chair  of  Chemistry  and  Natural 
Philosophy  were  likewise  united  ;  and  the  chair  of 


MILITANT   SCHOOLS.  19 

Pare  Mathematics  was  charged   with  the  allied 
subjects   of  Astronomy   and    Civil    Engineering.  Nu  mber 
Some  of  these  arrangements  might,  with  advantage,  and  duties 
be  resumed.     A  single  chair  ol  clasical  learning  °  f  profes- 
might  take  the  place  of  the  two  existing  ones,  and  S0TS' 
the  Chair  of  English  might  be  restored  to  its  ori- 
ginal form.     For  the  rest,  Mathematics  and  Natu- 
ral Philosophy,  with  their  kindred  studies,  might 
best   be   associated,  and  Chemistry,  Mineralogy, 
Geology,  Physiology  and  Natural  History  be  as- 
signed to  a   fourth    department.     The   academic 
Faculty  would  thus,  for  the  present,  embrace  only 
four  professorships.     Two  of  these  may  beholden 
by  the  Superintendent  and  the  Commandant ;  the 
incumbents   of  the  remaining    two,  if  the  prope: 
men  can  be  found,  may  aid  in  giving   instruction 
in  Tactics,   alter  having   fulfilled  their  own  scho- 
lastic duties. 

It  is   obvious,   however,  that,  in  one  or  two  of 
the  departments  of  instruction,  as  above  arranged,  As  distant 
assistant  professors  will  be  needed,  unless  the  ca-  r 
det  corps  should  be  exceedingly  small :  and  it  may 
further  be  observed  that,  as  no  provision  has  been 
made  in  the  programme  for  the  modern  languages, 
an  instructor  in  those  branches  must  be  employ 
should  they  continue  to  be  taught. 

Any  reduction  of  the  academic  staff  below  what      ineqpe- 
is  here   indicated   could  hereby  be  made    without  diency  o 
destroying   the   character  of  the  University  as  a  greater  re- 
collegiate  institution  :   and  even  such  a  reduction  ductior.. 
as  this  ought   only  to   be   acceded   to   under  the 
:ire  of  necessi.y. 

A  D  Ml  S  S  [jO  N   OF 

I'nder  the  military  system,  every  cadet  shoul 
be   appointed   by  the  Governor   of  the  State,  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  Superintendent,  found-  ,   \Laaets 
ed  upon  the   evidence  of  written  testimonials  of  pointedly 
good  moral  character   laid  before  him,  on  or  be-  the  Gtor- 
fore  a  given  day  designated  by  law.      Cadets  so  ernor.^ 
appointed  are  to  be  assigned  to  the  classes  which 
they  are   qualified  to  join,   without  any  reference 
to  their  personal  aspirations.     They  should   sign 
an  obligation  to  serve  as  cadets  for  at  least  two 


20  -  REPORT   OE    DR.    BARNARD. 

years ;  and   the  father  or  guardian  should  sign  a 
Obliga-  corresponding   obligation  relinquishing  the  right 
tions  to  be  to   withdraw  them   during  that  period.     Should 
taken  by  they  aim  to  be  graduaten'as  Bachellors  of  Arts, 
alscfbv  ^cv  must  complete  the  entire   course   at   present 
parent.        required  to  attain  that  distinction  ;  and  to  this  end, 
they   must,  if  necessary,   renew  their  obligations, 
after  the  period  of  the  first  has  expired. 
_  f      A   blank  form  of  the   warrant  or   commission 

Cadet  issned  t0  the  cadets  of  the  University  of  Alabama 
Com  mis-  hy  the  Governor  of  that  State,  is  herewith  com- 
sion.  municated. 

Admissions  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  made 
A'!  m  is-  at  the  same  period   of  the  year.     Exceptions  may 
sionstobe  be  allowed  in  particular  cases,  where  satisfactory 
made   at  reasons  are  assigned  for  want  of  punctuality  ;  but 
one  ime.    t]lcgc  cascg  slioulcl  be  looked  to  with  som'e.severity. 
Under  these  arrangements,  it  will  probably  be 
expedient  to  make  the  qualifications  for  admission 
lower  than  at  present — requiring  only  the  elements 
of  a  good  common  school  education  :   but  at  the 
Qualifica-  same  time  it  will  be  necessary  to  extend  the  period 
tions  fo  r  covered  by  the  entire  course  to  five  or   even   six 
Admissi'n  years.     j\r0  countenance  ought  to  be  given  to  the  dis- 
position to  make  graduation  cheap.     No  -  cadet  is 
compelled  to  follow  up  the  course  to  the  end.   On 
the  other  hand,  no  one  need  be  compelled,  if  pre- 
pared on  entrance  to  assume  an  advanced  position, 
to  begin  at  tlic  beginning.     All   such   candidates 
as  are  qualified  to  enter  what  is  called  at  present 
the  Freshman  class,  will  have  precisely  the  same 
scholastic  labor,  and  the  same  period  of  academic 
confinement  before  them,  in  order  to  attain  a  de- 
gree, as  they  have  under  existing  arrangements,  and 
no  more.     The'  extension  of  time  proposed,  is  in 
the  downward  and  not  in  the  upward  direction  ; 
and  it  is  designed  to  give  the  benetfis  of  military 
education  to  such  as  could  not,  under  present  reg- 
ulations, enter  the  University  at  all  ;  and  as  may 
have  not  so  much  the  wish  to  graduate,  as  to  se- 
cure the  benefit  of  this  valuable  species  of  educa- 
tion. 

Most  of  the  military  institutions  of  the  country 
embrace  two  classes  of  cadets — those  who  are  sup- 
ported by  the  State,  and  those  who  bear  their  own 


MILITARY    |GHOOLS.  21 

expenses,.    The   State   Univc.  td  college?, 

also,  have  usually  a  similar  distinction  :  though  State  ca- 
the  State  scholarships  secure  exemption  only  from  Jets  and 
tuition  foes,  without  providing  for  the  sustenance  paycadts 
of  the  student. 

In  perhaps  in  most,  the  public 

aliiy  tin:  '    in- 

iperience 
least  in  our  c  provi-  preseut 

sioii  -11   intended,   pro  ry  little  provisions 

effect.     The  idea   of  becoming  a  n  of  pub-  for  State 

charity— fpr   in  thi  is  very  cadets  in- 

gene  aether  justly  or  not,  of-  effectual, 

tensive  to  the'pri  ac- 

cord :  ?ned  for  the 

benefit  rarely  idled. 

It  is  somewhat  different  when  -  case  with 

the  .University  of  Mississippi,  public  scholarships 
arc  provided  to  be  conferred  as  the  reward  of  mer- 
it, But  the  fact  that  tuition,  which  is  the  only 
charge  from  which  exemption  is  secured  by  the 
possession  of  the  scholarship,  constitutes  but  a 
small  fraction  of  the  expenses  of  a  student  in  the  Scholar - 
Uni  while  the  examinations  winch  the  law  ships  con- 

exacls  as  a  condition   for  securing  the  rccommen-  ^s^issi^ 
elation  of  a  Board   of  Police  have  something  for-  pi  a^s  ,£ 
midablc  to  the  imaginations  of  aspirants  ;  renders  ward    of 
successful  competition  for  these  distinctions  an  ob-  merit,  not 
ject   of  too  little  consequence   to  most,  to   induce  sufficient- 
them  to  make  the  effort  necessary  to  obtain  them.  ly  desira- 
A  very  different  result  would  undoubtedly  be  ob-    'e> 
served  to  take  place,  if  the  State  scholarship  en- 
titled the  holder  to  immunity  not  merely  from  tai- 
nt from  all  charges  whatever. 

It  is  upon  this  footing  that  the  State  cadets 
the  Virginia  Military   Institute,  ai 
Arsenal  and  Citadel  Academies  in  South  Carolina, 
arc  placed  :  and  it  is  worth  the  consideration  of  Provisoes 
your  Honorable  body,  whether  the  same  provision  P  *^f  g" 
might    not    be   wisely  introduced  into    the  Uni-  Carolina,' 
versity   of  Mississippi.     In  such   a   case,   con 
eringVhat   the  expenses   of  cloth  -    'nance. 

fuel,  lights,  books,  stationery,   <v 
class  of  students,  will   require  positive  outlay    on 
the  part  of  the  University,  it  would  be  rieht  that 


22  REPORT   OF   DR.    BARNARD. 

these  charges  should  be  assumed  by  the  State,  in- 

dependency  of  the  appropriations  existing  or  to 

be  made  for  the  general  support  of  the  University. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the  policy  of  pro* 

viding  for  a  class  of  youth  to  be  selected  upon  the 

educating  Sround  °f  superior  merit  and  educated  as  soldiers 

meritori-  afc   tnc  P^lic  expense.     That  such  a  policy  is  not 

ous  youth  only   a  liberal  policy,  but  is   one  that  in  the  end 

at  the  pub  pays  well,  might,  it  is  believed,  be  easily  cstablish- 

I  ic  ex-  ed.     The  arguments  in  support  of  this  proposition 

pense.        can  hardly  fail  to  occur  to  any  reflecting  mind. 

Q  U  A  R  T  BUS. 

ARRANGEMENT — FURNITURE  -  -t'Olil-CE. 

Buildings  originally  erected  to  serve  as  quarters 

,     ^    for  cadets  in  military  institutions,  arc  constructed 

t ion    of  wl^  rc^ercncc  to  tn(5  convenience  of  military  sur- 

buildings  vtillance   and  police.     Passages  extend   through 

formilita-  them   longitudinally  from  end   to  end  :  or  piazzas 

ry  schools  are  thrown  up  externally,  to   serve   as   walks   in 

which  sentries  may  make  their  rounds,  wholly  or 

partially  protected  from  the  weather. 

The  apartments  for  cadets  are  usually  sufficiently 
large  to   allow  four  or  live   to  occupy  the  same 
.  room  ;  the  advantage  of  this  being  that  each  may 

forcadets.  *n  tlirn  ^c  ma^e  responsible  for  the  internal  good 
order  and  neatness  of  the  quarters,  without  entail- 
ing upon  any  a  duty  unreasonably  burthsnsome. 

The  plan  on  which  the  dormitories  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississippi  arc  constructed,  is  unfavora- 
ble to  the   system  of  Military   police.     It   is   the 
Dormito-  opinion  of  the  undersigned,  'and   of  the  military 
nesof  U-  men  -whom  he  lias  consulted,   that  a  considerable 
o?Missi^  m°dincation  of  their  arrangements  will  be  requir- 
sippi   not  cc*'  *°   a^apt  them   to   serve   advantageously  as 
well  suit-  quarters  for  cadets.     The  most  economical  mode 
d  to  tho  of  making  the  desired  changes  would  be,  to  throw 
appose,    up  piazzas  of  three  floors  in  front  of  them,  to  re- 
move the  stair  cases  from  the  passages  to  these  pi- 
azzas, to  enlarge  the  rooms,  now  excessively  small, 
by   dividing   the  space  of  the  passages  between 
them,  with   the  exception  of  a  mere  vestibule   at 
:i    of  the   externa]   entrances:  and   finally,   to 


MILITARY   SCHOOLS.  23 ' 

open  communication  between  each  front  room  and 
the  corresponding  room  in  it3  rear,  making  of  the  Modifica- 
two  a  suite,  to  be  occupied  by  four  persons.     The  tion   pro- 
front  room  will  then  be  used  as  the  study,  and  the  posed, 
rear  room  as  the  apartment  for  sleeping. 

It  is  of  course  understood,  that,  on  the  military 
system,  no  servants  arc  to  be  allowed  to  the  cadets; 
but  that  every  individual  is  to  perform  for  himself 
all  those  offices  which  are  necessary  to  secure  neat-      ^0  ser_ 
ness  in   personal  appearance,  and  order  and  com-  vants  al- 
fort  in  his  quarters.     On  this  account,  the  author-  lowed  to 
ities  of  the  military  schools  which  have  been  visited,  cadets. 
strongly  recommend  the   heating  of  the   buildings 
by  steam,  or  by  hot  air  furnaces,  and  tlio  lighting 
of  them  by  gas.     Arrangements  for  these  purposes  Gas-light- 
not  only  contribute  greatly    to    the  neatness  of  ins    an(1 
quarters;  but   they  sf)are  the  cadets  a  most  disa-  ** e  *™1 " 
greeable  part  of  the  labor  which  otherwise  falls  (iegj^yeg 
upon  them,  of  carrying  fuel  and   taking   care  of 
ligh  I 

According  to  estima  G  years  since  obtai 

ed  by  the  undersigned   from   practical  men,   gas 
works,  mains,  distribution  pipes  and  jets,  might  be 
set  up  at  the  University  for  the  illumination  of  all  Estimate 
the  buildings,  at  a  cost  of  about  $5,000.    Furnaces  for  Gas 
or  steam  boilers  and  pipes  for  heating,  would  cost 
much  more  ;  and   would   involve   the  necessity 
excavating,  to   some  extent  at  least,  beneath   I 
buildings.     No   attempt  has  been  made  to  obtain 
an  exact  estimate  of  the  cost   of  such  a  work,  it 
being  presumed  that  so  large  an  expenditure  would 
hardly  be  thought  expedient  at  this  time.     At  tin 
Virginia  Institute,  for  a  number  of  years  after  its 
foundation,  the  cadets  carried  their  own  fuel  (wood 
being  used  there,  as  it  will  probably  continue  to  be 
here) — but  on  the  erection  of  new  buildings,  as  the 
numbers  became  enlarged,    the  method  of  heating 
by  steam  was   advantageously   introduced    and  i- 
now  employed. 

As  it  respects  gas-works,   though  the   original 
cost  of  construction  is  considerable,  yet  the  light 
which  they  furnish  is  cheaper  than  any  other,  even  pesirabil- 
considering  interest  on  the   investment,   and   the  ^ of  S^' 
works  may  be  made  to  pay  for  themselves  in  a  very 
few  years.     The  lisrtot  is  also  better  than  anv  ordi- 


24  REPORT   OF    DR.    BARNARD. 

nary  portable  light,  and  its  use  is  greatly  condu- 
cive to  the  neatness  of  quarters.  The  question  of 
introducing  gas  into  the  University  has  already  to 
some  extent  occupied  the  attention  of  the  Board. 
Perhaps  it  would  be  worth  while  to  renew  the 
consideration  of  the  subject  now. 
Furniture  The  police  of  quarters  requiring  that  all  rooms 
:.quarers  g]10U]^  j^  regulated  by  the  same  uniform  system 
of  rules,  it  follows  as  a  necessity  that  the  articles 
of  furniture  which  they  contain  should  also  be 
uniform  in  number  and  in  kind.  To  secure  this 
end,  it  is  found  expedient  for  the  institution  itself 
to  furnish  the  rooms  for  the  cadets,  and  to  charge 
an  annual  rent  upon  the  furniture.  The  furniture 
provided,  embraces  table,  chairs,  ward-robe,  wash- 
stand,  bed-stead  and  bed.  Bed  covering  is  provi- 
ded by  the  cadet  himself.  Some  minor  articles 
are  also  included  in  the  uniform  furniture — such 
as  lamps,  buckets,  ewers  and  basins,  &c.,  <fcc.  The 
total  cost  of  the  furniture  provided  for  each  cadet, 
may  reach  perhaps  $25,  and  therefore,  for  a  corps 
of  one  hundred,  will  amount  to  $2500. 

ECONOMICAL  ARRANGEMENTS. 

Commis-  In  case  the  proposed  change  should  be  intro- 
s  a  ry  o  f  duced  into  the  University  of  Mississippi,  the  insti- 
subsis-  tution  will  charge  itself  with  the  sustenance  as 
^ence.         wejj  as  tjie  tuit}011   0f  tjic   students.     It  will   be 

necessary  therefore  to   appoint  a   Commissary  of 
subsistence  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  take  charge  of 
Steward.  an  supplies   provided   for  the  Steward's   depart- 
ment ;  and  also  a  Steward  who  shall  have  the  im-. 
mediate   management  of  the   boarding  house  or 
ill  ess-hall. 
Payments      Boarding  is  furnished  to  the  cadets  in  all  insti- 
tutions of  the  class  under   consideration,    at   its 
actual   cost — it  being  understood    that   the   cost 
embraces  also  the   expenses  of  administration. — 
Pay   cadets   are  required  to  deposit,  in    advance, 
a  sum  sufficient  to  cover  all  their  expenses  for  the 
.     yea]-,  or  for  the  half  year  ensuing  :  but  they    are 
required  cnar&ed  Wlt^1  on]J  w^at  >licv  actually   receive. — 
from   c  a-  The  South  Carolina  schools  form  an  exception  to 
dets.  this  rule — the  amount  required    from    pay  cadets 


MILITARY   SHOOLS.  25 

being  never  sufficient  to  pay  their  actual  expenses. 
This  amount  is  $200  only,  and  is  paid  in  quarterly 
instalments  of  $50  each/  The  loss  falls  upon  the 
State. 

The  deposit  demanded  in  advance  of  every  pay 
cadet  in  the  University  of  Alabama,  is  si!  5,  which 
is  designed  to  cover  the  expenses  of  the  entire 
year.  In  the  Military  Institute  of  Virginia,  the 
fees  for  tuition  and  medical  attendance  arc  re- 
quired in  advance  for  the  whole  year,  and  a  de- 
posit to  cover  other  expenses  for  six  months  only.  D 
The  total  of  the  first  payment  will  therefore  be  rCquired, 
about  s220,  and  of  the  second,  about  $150.  In  the 
report  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  this  Institute, 
made  to  the  Governor  in  July,  18G0,  copies  of 
which  arc  Herewith  furnished,  there  will  be  found 
an  exact  statement  of  the  total  expense  on  all  ac- 
counts, of  the  entire  education  of  each  member  of 
the  graduating  class  of  that  year,  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  end  of  the  course,  of  the  annual  expense 
of  each,  and  of  the  average  annual  expense  of  an 
individual  cadet ;  as  deduced  from  these  data. — 
[See  page  40.]     This  average  is  $357,  98. 

Cadets  are  not  allowed  to  make  use  of  money,      ~         . 
or  to  have  it  in  their  possession,  unless  by  special  moneyand 
permission  of  the  Superintendent.     They  are  al-  credit  pro- 
lowed  to  make  no  purchases  either  with  money  or  hibitcd  to 
upon  credit  without  the  same  permission  ;  and  any  cadets, 
cadet  whose  parent  or  guardian   discharges  any 
debt  contracted  in  violation  of  this  regulation,  is 
forthwith  discharged. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  economy  of   ex-     Quarter- 
penditure  on  the  part  of  each   individual,   and  to  Master 
confine  purchases  to  articles  which  are  useful,  or  and  Q.  M, 
at  least  innocent,  in  their  nature,  a  Quartermaster  store- 
is  appointed  whose  duty  it  is  to  provide  a  stock  of 
all  such  articles,  as  cadets  are  likely  to  need  ;  and 
ordinarily  no  purchases  whatever  are  allowed  by 
the  cadets  from  any  other  source  but  the  Quarter- 
master's store.     Moreover,  as  a   security,  against 
extravagance  even  in  this  quarter,  no  cadet  is  al- 
lowed to  purchase  from  the  Quartermaster  without 
a  permit  from  the  Superintendent.     And  that  the 
Superintendent  may  know  the  state  of  the  indivi- 
dual's account  at  thcQuartermastcr's  store,  when- 


26  EKPOET  OF   1>K.    JiABXIKD 

ever  a  permit  is  sought,  each  cadet  is  required  to 
Control  of  keep  a  check  book,  in  which  he  writes   the  namo 
cadet's  ex-  of  the  article  required,  and  the  permit  is  indicated 
penditure.  by  the  name  of  the  Superintendent  written  oppo- 
site.    The  check  book   therefore  serves  as  a  con- 
stant record  of  the  state  of  the  account. 

The  articles  provided  in   the  Quarter-master's 
department  are  sold  at  an  advance  which  serves 
0    M.  to  pay  the  expense  of  transportation,   interest  on 
stock*  and  the  investment  and  management  of  the  business j 
sales.  but  without  any  view   to   profit.     The   amount 

which  it  would  be  necessary  to  advance  at  present, 
in  the  purchase  of  such  a   stock,  may   be  put  at 
Estimates  from  $10,000  to  §12,000.  In  order  that  some  idea 
may  be  formed  of  the  nature  and   variety   of  the 
articles  which  experience  shows  to  be  required  in 
this  department,  an  inventory  of  the  stock  in  the 
Quarter-master's    Department  of     the  Virginia 
Military  Institute,  kindly  furnished  to  the  under- 
JnveQto-  signed  by  the  Treasurer  of  that  institution,  is  here- 
stock^  in  witn  transmitte(*.     Tnis  inventory,  it  is  to  be  ob- 
theVa.  M.  served,  is  made  near  the  close  of  the  session,   at 
Institute.  '  which  period  the  stock  is  low. 

FISCAL     SYSTEM. 

In  order  to  secure  the  most  exact  accountabili- 
ty in  pecuniary  matters,  on  the  part  of  all  persons 
connected  with  the  institution,  and  to  keep  the 
accounts  of  expenditure  in  every  department  en- 
tirely distinct  from  each  other,  the  fiscal  system 
of  the  military    school  must  be  transplanted  into 

Treasurer  ^ne  University,  incase  the  changes  already  consid- 
'  ered  should  be  thought  advisable.  Under  this 
system  a  Treasurer  is  appointed  by  the  Board,  who 
gives  bond  with  security  for  the  faithful  perfor- 
mance of  his  duties  and  who  resides  at  the  institu- 
tion. The  offices  of  Treasurer  and  Quarter-mas- 
ter may  very  conveniently  be  held  by  the  same 
person.  All  moneys  belonging  to  the  institution, 
and  all  deposits  made  by  cadets  as  above  described, 
are  deposited  to  the  credit  of  the  Treasurer  with  a 
fiscal  Fiscal  Agent,  the  certificates  of  deposit  being  filed 

agent/  in  the  Superintendent's  office.  No  money  can  be 
drawn  from  this  depositary,  on  any  account,  with- 


MILITARY  SCHOOLS,  27 

out  the  order  of  the  Superintendent;  and  only  Mode  of 
then,  by  means  of  a  cheek  drawn  by  the  Treasurer  drawing 
and  countersigned  by  the  Superintendent.  moneys. 

The  Treasurer  keeps  distinct  accounts  with  the 
institution  proper,  with  the  Quarter-master's  De-  c  r?*?1^ 
partment,  the  Commissary,  &c,  &c,  and  with  each  counts. 
individual  cadet,  and  with  all  other  persons  hav- 
ing pecuniary  transactions  with  the  Institution. — 
In  the  accounts  of  the  cadets,  he  keeps  separate 
from  each  other,  the  sums  paid  for  Quarter-Mas- 
ter's supplies,  for  board,  for  tuition,  for  Surgeon's 
fees,  society  taxes,  &<*.,  <fcc,  so  that  the  amouut 
applied  in  each  of  these  several  modes  may  be 
asce;tained  i:.  a  moment,  in  the  case  of  any  indi- 
vidual. The  report  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  Virginia  Institute,  for  July  1860,  which  has 
already  been  referred  to.  affords  some  good  illus- 
trations of  tho  thoroughness  and  the  simplicity  of 
this  system. 

S  A  N  I  T  A  R  Y     i'  i;  n   \    I  H   I  <>  \ 

A  Surgeon,  appointed  by  the  supervisory  power, 
is  one  of  the  indispensable  officers  of  every  milita- 
ry school.  His  duty  is  to  visit  the  institution  Surgeon, 
daily,  and  make  an  inspection  of  its  Sanitary  con-  ^nd.  n  i  s 
dition.  He  is  required  also  to  report  frequently  dut,es* 
to  the  Superintendent.  His  certificate  is  neces- 
sary to  render  valid  any  plea  for  exemption  from 
any  academic  or  military  duty  on  the  score  of  ill 
health.  In  case  of  the  appearance  of  symptoms  of 
serious  illness  in  any  cadet,  he  is  required  to  cause 
the  patient  to  be  promptly  removed  to  the  hospital 
provided  for  such  exigencies,  and  there  to  receive 
such  attendance  as  the  nature  of  his  disease  may  de- 
mand. The  compensation  of  the  Surgeon  is  usually 
provided  for,  by  a  regular  annual  charge  assessed 
upon  each  cadet.  ' 

RECAPITULATION. 

The  undersigned  has  thus  endeavored,  as  con- 
cisely as  possible,  to  present  the  essential  points 
of  difference  between  educational  institutions  oi 
the    ordinary    collegiate    character,    and    those 


2  3  REPORT    OF    DR.    BARNARD. 

which  are  subjected  to  a  thorough  military  regi- 
men. Should  it  be  thought  advisable  to  trans- 
form the  University  of  Mississippi,  from  its  pre- 
sent shape  to  that  which  lias  been  proposed  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  State,  concurring,  as  it  is 
presumed  with  the  popular  choice,  the  subjects 
which  will  require  some  legislative  action  on  the 
part  of  your  honorable  body,  may  be  briefly  re- 
capitulated as  follows  : 

1.  The  organization  of  the  Staff  of  academic 
and  military  instruction. 

2.  The  conditions  of  the  admission  or  appoint- 
Matters  ment  of  Cadets. 

act?onmby      3*  Modifications   in    the    construction    of    the 
the  Board,  buildings. 

4.  Furniture  of  the  quarters. 

5.  The  introduction  of  gas-illumination,  and 
Furnace  or  Steam  Heating. 

6.  The  arrangement  of  a  Commissariat. 

7.  The  establishment  of  a  Quarter-master's 
store. 

8.  The  adoption  of  a  system  of  severe  fiscal 
control. 

9.  The  appointment  of  a  Surgeon. 

It  will  furthermore  be  necessary  to  adopt  an 
entirely  new  code  of  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ed newf  ment  of  the  University  :  but  as,  in  the  prepara- 
reffula-  ^on  °^  tms'   *ho  coa111^   anc^   assistance  of  the 
tions   to  Superintendent   and  Commandant  may  probably 
be  adopted  be  of  advantage,  it  may  perhaps  suffice  in  the  be- 
ginning to  adopt  provisionally  the  regulations  of 
the  Virginia  Military  Institute,   so    far   as  they 
may  be  found  applicable  to  the  circumstances  of 
this  institution.     Copies  of  these  Regulations  arc 
herewith  communicated. 

Several  of  the  points  enumerated  in  the  fore- 
going recapitulation  will  be  found  to  involve 
questions  of  expenditure.  In  regard  to  some  of 
these,  conjectural  estimates  have  already  been 
thrown  out.  The  whole  may  be  brought  together 
in  the  following  succinct  statement,  in  which  the 
several  sums  are  placed  as  low  as  it  will  probably 
be  safe  to  assume  them. 


MILITAKY   SCHOOLS.  29 

ESTIMATES. 

1.  Alterations   of    the    three   dormitories,    at 
$1500  each,      -  $4,500 

2.  Furniture  of  rooms  for  100  Cadets,  at  . 

$25  each, 2,500  Estimat«3 

3.  Quarter-master's  Stock,  -        -     10,000 

4.  Gas  Illumination,  -         -         -       5,000 

Total,        -  ,000 

The  advances  to  the  Commissariat  \  so 

immediately  repaid  from  the  deposits  of  the  Ca-     Commis- 
dets,    that  they  need  not  be  included    in    these  sariat. 
estimates.     If,  for  the  present,  gas-illumination  be 
deducted,   the   sum  of  about  $17,000  will  appa- 
rently suffice  to  enable  the  new  system  to  be  put  Minimum 
into  operation.     Even   such  a  sum   may  possibly  sum   ne- 
not  be  at  the  immediate  command  of  the  Board  ;  cessary. 
and  legislative  aid  may  be  necessary  to  secure  the 
realization  of  the  scheme.     It  is,  however,  to  be 
considered,    that  some  time  must  necessarily  be 
consumed  in  making  the  needful  alterations  of  the       Time 
buildings,  and  that;  to  open  the  University  on  the  neces  sary 
proposed  plan  so  early  as  has  been  contemplated  to  mako 
by  your  honorable  body— that  is  to  say,  by  the  chanSes- 
first  of  January — will  on  this  account  be  imprac- 
ticable ;  while   serious  difficulty  will  unquestion- 
ably just  now  be  found,  in  the  way  of  organizing 
a  military  staff.      These    considerations   would 
seem  to  suggest  the  employment  of  the  permanent    Changes 
income  of  the  University  for  the  current  year  ex-  m  *y  he 
clusively   in   preparation    for  a  re-opening   at  a  Jjftheper- 
somewhat   later  day— say  not  sooner  than  Sep-  manent 
tember  next — by  the  adoption  of  which   plan   it  income, 
may  be  practicable  to  accomplish  nearly  every- 
thing  embraced   in    the    foregoing    programme, 
without  asking  any  additional  legislative  aid. 

Allusion  having  just  been  made  to  the  difficulty  present 
of  obtaining,  at  the  present  time,  competent  mili-  difficulty 
tary  officers  to  fill  the  positions  in  which  the  of  obtain- 
services  of  such  men  will  be  required  here,  it  ing  a  Mil- 
may  be  proper  to  mention,  in  evidence  of  the  cor-  itai7  Staff, 
reciness  of  this  statement,  that  the  officers  of  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute,  some  twelve  or  fifteen 


30  REPORT   Or    I>R.    BARSTARD. 

in  number,  have  all  of  them  taken  service  in  the 
army,  the  operations  of  the  Institute  having  been 
entirely  suspended  :  and  that,  although  the  Board 
of  Visitors  have  resolved  to  re-open  the  Institute 
on  the  first  of  January,  little  hope  is  entertained 
that  any  of  these  officers  will  return  at  that  time 
to  their  posts,  except  the  Superintendent.  The 
alumni  of  the  Institute  are  also  generally  in  the 
war  ;  and  all  the  inquiries  which  the  undersigned 
was  able  to  make  in  Virginia,  during  his  recent 
visit,  were  unsuccessful  in  obtaining  the  name  of 
a  single  individual  among  these  men  of  military 
*f ^feS?^  'Mu'ation  who  could  be  frankly  recommended  to 
ine  a  Mil-  $ouv  consideration  us  a  Commandant  of  Cadets, 
UarySHfT  ^h6  would  now  consent  to  accept  the  appoint- 
ment. Similar  inquiries  in  South  Carolina,  and 
at  the  Military  Institute  at  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
were  equally  without  result.  It  has,  furthermore, 
within  the  past  few  days,  come  to  the  knowledge 
of  the  undersigned,  that  the  Commandant  of  Ca- 
dets in  the  University  of  Alabama  is  about  aban- 
doning his  position  for  the  army — the  same  insti- 
tution having  already  previously  lost  one 
Commandant  and  other  members  of  its  military 
staff ;  so  that  the  indications  in  every  direction 
are  discouraging  to  the  hope  of  being  able  at 
this  crisis,  to  secure  for  the  purposes  of  the  Uni- 
versity, military  talent  of  high  order,  if  indeed  it 
is  possible,  for  the  moment,  to  make  any  appoint- 
ment at  all. 

It  seems  impossible  that  the  causes  which  ap- 
pear to  forbid   the  formation  of  a  satisfactory 
G'ndidates  military  organization  just  at  this  time,  should  be 
will  pre-  of   long    continuance.      Should   your   honorable 
sent  them-  j^y  conclude  to  defer  elections  until  the  ensuing 
hereafter3  sPriu£>  or  until  your  annual  meeting  in  June  next, 
'  the   probabilities   arc   that  instead  of  finding  a 
dearth  of  candidates,  or  of  finding  candidates  of 
only  questionable  pretensions,  you  will  have  many 
eminently  qualified  gentlemen   and  accomplished 
soldiers   from   among  whom  to  make  your  selec- 
tions. 

The  undersigned  has  thus,  according  to  his  op- 
portunities and  his  ability,  accomplished  the  task 
assigned  him  in  your  resolution  of  the  2d  Octo- 


yiLITjLRY    SCHOOLS.  31 

ber.  Tu  concluding  this  report,  and  thus  com- 
pleting- the  last  official  communication  which  it  Conclusi'a 
will  be  his  privilege  to  address  to  your  honorable 
body,  he  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  the  deep 
solicitude  he  feels  for  the  future  prosperity  of  an 
institution  which,  for  the  seven  best  years  of  his 
life,  has  absorbed  all  his  thoughts,  engrossed  all 
his  energies,  and  constituted  the  only  thing  on 
earth  for  which  he  has  seemed  to  himself  to  de- 
sire to  live.  The  ambitions  which  he  has  enter- 
tained for  its  growtli  in  reputation  and  usefulness, 
for  the  enlargement  of  its  scope,  the  expansion  of 
the  field  of  its  operations,  the  elevation  of  its 
aims,  and  its  ultimate  recognition  as  one  among 
the  honored  agencies  whose  function  is  to  be,  not 
merely  by  education  to  diffuse  knowledge  among 
men,  but  by  original  investigation  to  add  to  the 
priceless  mass, — these  things  have  all  been 
known  to  you,  and  to  the  few  who  like  you 
have  closely  marked  the  history  and  watched 
the  progress  of  the  University.  But  the 
fond  dreams  of  so  many  anxiously  hopeful  years 
have  been  at  length  rudely  dissipated,  and  the 
convulsions  which  have  shaken  and  are  still  shak- 
ing the  country  to  its  centre,  have  removed  afar 
off  the  prospect  of  that  distinguished  pre-eminence 
in  science,  which  seemed  but  recently  to  be  open- 
ing up  before  the  University  of  Mississippi.  But 
the  celebrity  which  the  undersigned  has  so  earn- 
estly labored  to  insure  to  the  University,  though 
postponed,  is  still  in  store,  and  it  will  yet  be  re- 
alized. To  another  generation  it  may  be  reserved 
to  behold  the  fulfillment  of  the  brilliant  destiny 
which  awaits  this  noble  institution;  but  it  is  a 
destiny  which  will  be  fulfilled — and  it  is  this  un- 
doubting  conviction  which  enables  the  undersign- 
ed, after  so  protracted  a  period  of  honest  though 
possibly  fruitless  labor  in  its  service— years  sad- 
dened by  many  a  wantonly  inflicted  and  unpro- 
voked annoyance,  but  illuminated  also  by  many  a 
bright  ray  of  encouragement  from  sources  wor- 
thiest of  regard,  and  especially  by  many  well 
remembered  testimonials  of  kindness  and  confp 


32  REPORT   OF    DR.    BARNARD. 

dence  received  from  this  honorable  body — to  bid 
it  now  a  cheerful  and  a  hopeful  farewell. 
All  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

By  your  obedient  servant, 

F.  A.  P.  BARNARD. 
University  of  Mississippi, 
Nov.  11,1861. 


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